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<title>Round Table movement</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Round Table movement</span></span>

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<p>

The <b>Round Table movement</b>, founded in 1909, was an association of organisations promoting closer union between <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and its <a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">self-governing colonies</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_movement">History of the movement</h2></div>

<p>The Round Table Movement evolved out of Lord <a href="Milner's_Kindergarten" title="Milner's Kindergarten">Milner's Kindergarten</a>. With the election of the Campbell-Bannerman government in the United Kingdom in 1905, and the recognition of Afrikaner "Responsible Government", the Kindergarten went on a marketing campaign to influence popular elections that were to be held in the <a href="Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> and <a href="Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colonies</a>. With cooperation from <a href="F.S._Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="F.S. Malan">F.S. Malan</a>, the Afrikaner editor of <i>Ons Land</i> (Our Land), they published their thesis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reviewofpresentm00grea/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Milner"><i>A Review of the Present Mutual Relations of the British South African Colonies</i></a>. Author Marlowe says, "From October 1906 they had been holding their meetings at a house in Johannesburg which <a href="Richard_Feetham" title="Richard Feetham">(Richard) Feetham</a> had had built for himself and which he called 'Moot House'. It was from this circumstance that future meetings of the Kindergarten and their associates came to be called, 'moots' after they had transferred their activities to the U.K."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is derived from law school 'moot court'. They held meetings called 'The Moot', named after the Anglo-Saxon meeting, but also because they were discussing 'moot' points. The movement began at a conference at <a href="Plas_Newydd_(Anglesey)" title="Plas Newydd (Anglesey)">Plas Newydd</a>, <a href="Charles_Paget%2C_6th_Marquess_of_Anglesey" title="Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey">Lord Anglesey</a>'s estate in Wales, over the weekend of 4–6 September 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework of the organisation was devised by <a href="Lionel_Curtis" title="Lionel Curtis">Lionel Curtis</a>, but the overall idea was <a href="Lord_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Milner">Lord Milner's</a>. Former South Africa administrator <a href="Philip_Kerr%2C_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Philip Kerr</a> became secretary to the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1910 they published a periodical <i><a href="The_Round_Table_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Round Table Journal">The Round Table Journal</a>: A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Empire</i>. The initial aim of the movement was closer union between Britain and the fully self-governing colonies, indeed per Lionel Curtis in the form of <a href="Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">imperial federation</a>, though key contributors such as <a href="Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> and later consensus called merely for co-operation.

</p><p>In that year and the next, Curtis took a tour of the Dominions to set up local Round Table groups. Groups were formed in Canada, the <a href="Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, Australia, and New Zealand, and a <a href="Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> Group was set up in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Curtis composed a series of 'Round Table Studies' which were circulated to all the Round Table groups, and the comments were also circulated. Curtis hoped that he would be able to produce a collective volume arguing the case for imperial federation; but agreement proved impossible, and in 1916 he published <i>The Problem of the Commonwealth</i> under his name only.

</p><p>In the course of his studies, Curtis developed the 'principle' of a Commonwealth as involving the progressive enlargement of self-government among its members, an idea which already held or gained more favour among the Round Table groups than federation. A sub-group including James Meston and William Marris considered the place of India in any scheme of federation, and concluded that India would have to be represented.

</p><p>In the First World War Philip Kerr prominently cemented what a new 'Commonwealth' might be, replacing the current empire, and antithetical to the German take on empire. <a href="Alfred_Zimmern" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Zimmern">Alfred Zimmern</a>'s welcome into the movement distanced it from <a href="Germanophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanophobe">Germanophobes</a>, especially during the war.

</p><p>The Round Table supported <a href="Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> despite Milner and <a href="Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a>'s support for <a href="Imperial_preference" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial preference">imperial preference</a>, and endorsed the <a href="White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>, publishing material by <a href="Frederic_Eggleston" title="Frederic Eggleston">Frederic Eggleston</a> on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>With the entry of the United States into the First World War and the promotion of the <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, the movement moderated its conception of the empire as a "<a href="Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>" and concentrated on ways to improve communication and co-operation between Britain and the increasingly independent self-governing 'dominions'. It is reported to have had significant influence during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Part of the funding for the Round Table Journal came from the <a href="Rhodes_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Trust">Rhodes Trust</a>. In the summer of 1921 Lord Milner, its principal manager, bequeathed it a final sum of £2,500 (equivalent to £125,000 in 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During the <a href="Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> the Round Table groups continued to advocate a policy of collaboration among the <a href="Dominion_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion status">Dominions</a> of the British Empire (Canada and Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, and a new creation, the Irish Free State) together with the United States. However, its embrace of the "Commonwealth" ethos also led it to support movements for self-government within the Empire such as the <a href="Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of 1921 and the <a href="Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Indian reforms of 1919</a> and <a href="Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">1935</a>. In the late 1930s the contributors to the journal were split between those who advocated <a href="Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> and those that did not.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Round Table continued as a frequently contributed-to Commonwealth <a href="Ginger_group" title="Ginger group">ginger group</a> to consider and influence its scope and collaborations and what remained of policy such as granting of independence and, indeed, the territorial demarcations of the proposed independent states. After <a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> was fully exercised by such nations in the 1980s, with the technical exception of the very low-lying <a href="Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Chagos Archipelago</a> whose people had been displaced decades earlier, the movement continues to be a banner for occasional talks and forums which reflect on the future shared activities, practices and extent of the Commonwealth.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_members">Prominent members</h2></div>

<p>Prominent members of the Round Table 'moot' included:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_half_of_20th_century">First half of 20th century</h3></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Brand%2C_1st_Baron_Brand" title="Robert Brand, 1st Baron Brand">Lord Robert Brand</a></li>

<li>Sir <a href="Reginald_Coupland" title="Reginald Coupland">Reginald Coupland</a></li>

<li>2nd Baronet, Sir George Craik</li>

<li><a href="Lionel_George_Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel George Curtis">Lionel Curtis</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoffrey_Dawson" title="Geoffrey Dawson">Geoffrey Dawson</a></li>

<li><a href="Lionel_Hichens" title="Lionel Hichens">Lionel Hichens</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Kerr%2C_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Sinclair_Marris" title="William Sinclair Marris">William Marris</a>, Lord Marris</li>

<li><a href="James_Meston%2C_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">James Meston</a>, Lord Meston</li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Milner%2C_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Alfred Milner</a>, Lord Milner</li>

<li><a href="William_Palmer%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne">2nd Earl of Selborne</a></li>

<li>Sir <a href="Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Arthur Steel-Maitland</a></li>

<li>Sir <a href="Alfred_Eckhard_Zimmern" title="Alfred Eckhard Zimmern">Alfred Zimmern</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_half_of_20th_century">Second half of 20th century</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Guy_Barnett_(British_politician)" title="Guy Barnett (British politician)">Guy Barnett</a></li>

<li>Leonard Beaton</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Brooke%2C_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Alastair_Francis_Buchan" title="Alastair Francis Buchan">Alastair Buchan</a></li>

<li>Sir <a href="Olaf_Caroe" title="Olaf Caroe">Olaf Caroe</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Gore-Booth%2C_Baron_Gore-Booth" title="Paul Gore-Booth, Baron Gore-Booth">Baron Gore-Booth</a></li>

<li><a href="Malcolm_Hailey%2C_1st_Baron_Hailey" title="Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey">Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Vincent_T._Harlow" title="Vincent T. Harlow">Vincent T. Harlow</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Hodson" title="Harry Hodson">H.V. Hodson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Hornby" title="Richard Hornby">Richard Hornby</a></li>

<li>Sir <a href="Michael_Howard_(historian)" title="Michael Howard (historian)">Michael Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Douglas Hurd</a></li>

<li><a href="Derek_Ingram_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derek Ingram (journalist)">Derek Ingram</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Jackson_(Wantage_MP)" title="Robert Jackson (Wantage MP)">Robert Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Lennox-Boyd%2C_1st_Viscount_Boyd_of_Merton" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a></li>

<li>Sir Clement Leslie</li>

<li>Sir <a href="Ivison_Macadam" title="Ivison Macadam">Ivison Macadam</a></li>

<li>Sir Dougal Malcolm</li>

<li>Sir <a href="Nicholas_Mansergh" title="Nicholas Mansergh">Nicholas Mansergh</a></li>

<li>Adam Denzil Marris</li>

<li>Sir <a href="John_Redcliffe-Maud%2C_Baron_Redcliffe-Maud" title="John Redcliffe-Maud, Baron Redcliffe-Maud">John Maud</a>, Baron Redcliffe-Maud</li>

<li>Sir <a href="Humphrey_Maud" title="Humphrey Maud">Humphrey Maud</a></li>

<li><a href="Sir_Jeremy_Morse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Jeremy Morse">Sir Jeremy Morse</a></li>

<li>Sir <a href="Robert_Wade-Gery" title="Robert Wade-Gery">Robert Wade-Gery</a></li>

<li>Sir Robin Williams</li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy_theory">Conspiracy theory</h2></div>

<p><a href="Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> <a href="Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> and <a href="Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> archivist <a href="Carroll_Quigley" title="Carroll Quigley">Carroll Quigley</a> published what he regarded as documented proof that the Round Table Group was the front for a <a href="Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> for a global conspiracy of control set up by <a href="Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> named the <i>Society of the Elect</i><sup id="cite_ref-Quigley_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quigley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to implement Rhodes's plan (detailed in his <a href="Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>) to unite all English-speaking nations,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further believed that the elite of the British Empire had an undue influence on the American <a href="Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>.

</p><p>Honorary Secretary of the Round Table Group, Sir <a href="Ivison_Macadam" title="Ivison Macadam">Ivison Macadam</a>, thought Quigley was "crazy".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one writer noted in a journal of arts, politics and letters published triannually by of the Association of American <a href="Rhodes_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholars">Rhodes Scholars</a>, the "tragedy of Quigley was his conviction that he was outside of an inner circle that itself did not exist"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients (dining club)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlowe, <i>Milner, Apostle of Empire</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milnerapostleofe0000marl/page/206/mode/2up"><i>pp. 206–207</i></a></span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-313-27917-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Lee_Thompson2007" class="citation book cs1">J. Lee Thompson (2007). <i>Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's And Cape Town, 1854–1925</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8386-4121-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May, Alexander <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3Aee7ebd01-f085-44e9-917b-98d21a0f4206">The Round Table, 1910–66</a> DPhil. University of Oxford 1995 pp. 69–72</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>White Australia</i> The Round Table Volume 11, 1921</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roskill, Stephen, <i>Hankey: Man of Secrets</i>, Vol. I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hankeymanofsecre0001rosk/page/422/mode/2up?q=Milner"><i>pp. 422–423</i></a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, J. Lee, <i>Forgotten Patriot</i>, p.. 370</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonwealthroundtable.co.uk/journal/history/">The Journal's History</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May, Alexander <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3Aee7ebd01-f085-44e9-917b-98d21a0f4206">The Round Table, 1910–66</a></i> <a href="DPhil" class="mw-redirect" title="DPhil">DPhil</a>. <a href="University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (1995) Appendix B pp. 451–453</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quigley_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quigley, Carroll : <i>Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time</i>. G. S. G. & Associates, Incorporated (June 1975). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-945001-10-X</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-945001-10-2</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conspiracy Encyclopedia</i> Collins & Brown (2005) p. 179</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May, Alexander <i>The Round Table, 1910–66</i> DPhil. University of Oxford (1995) pp. 16–17</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David P. Billington Jr <i>Tragedy and Hope: Carroll Quigley and the 'Rhodes Conspiracy</i> The <a href="American_Oxonian" title="American Oxonian">American Oxonian</a> 82/4 1994 p. 232</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Bell, Duncan, <i>Dreamworlds of Race: Empire and the Utopian Destiny of Anglo-America</i>, Princeton University Press, (2020)</li>

<li>Bosco, Andrea, <i>The Round Table Movement and the Fall of the 'Second' British Empire (1909–1919), Cambridge Scholars Publishing</i> (2017)</li>

<li>May, Alexander, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3Aee7ebd01-f085-44e9-917b-98d21a0f4206"><i>The Round Table, 1910–66</i></a> <a href="DPhil" class="mw-redirect" title="DPhil">DPhil</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RoundTablePapers19101966593">University of Oxford</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="John_Kendle" title="John Kendle">Kendle, John</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roundtablemoveme00kend/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Round Table Movement and Imperial Union</i></a>, Toronto: University of Toronto, (1975)</li>

<li>Marlowe, John, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milnerapostleofe0000marl">Milner, Apostle of Empire</a></i>, London: Hamish Hamilton, (1976)</li>

<li>Morefield, Jeanne, <i>Empires without Imperialism: Anglo-American Decline and the Politics of Deflection</i>, Oxford University Press, (2014)</li>

<li>Potter, Simon J. (2007). "Richard Jebb, John S. Ewart and the Round Table, 1898-1926". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>122</b> (495): 105–132.</li>

<li>Quigley, Carroll, <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/CarrollQuigleyTheAngloAmericanEstablishment" class="extiw external" title="iarchive:CarrollQuigleyTheAngloAmericanEstablishment">The Anglo American Establishment</a></i>, GSG and Associates, (1981)</li>

<li>Thompson, J. Lee, <i>A Wider Patriotism: Alfred Milner and the British Empire</i>, Cranbury NJ: Rosemont, (2007)</li>

<li>Well, H.G., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofrecons00wellrich/page/n7/mode/2up">Elements of Reconstruction, a series of articles contributed in July and August 1916 to "The Times"</a></i>, London: Nisbet, (1917)</li>

<li>Archive of Round Table Journal magazines at the Internet Archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pub_round-table"><i>Link</i></a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthroundtable.co.uk/"><i> The Round Table</i> official web-site</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/roundtable/round-table.html">Catalogue of the papers of the Round Table, held at the Bodleian Library, Oxford</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/roundtable/roundtable-add.html">Catalogue of additional papers of the Round Table, held at the Bodleian Library, Oxford</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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